Arthropod P450 Enchiridion

1chemanyp450

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-07-25T06:10:54+00:00

Xenobiotic metabolism by P450 enzymes Page under construction. Contributions are welcome Examples of structurally very divergent P450 enzymes that metabolize the same chemical:

1p450manyche

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-07-25T06:10:54+00:00

P450 promiscuity Page under construction. Contributions are welcome example CYP6A1

6clans

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-07-25T06:10:54+00:00

Six clans in arthropods Maximum likelihood tree of 2920 P450 sequences from arthropods. (6 in clan 16, 19 in clan 20, 306 in mitochondrial clan (M), 733 in clan 2, 778 in clan 4 and 1078 in clan 3). An asterisk indicates bootstrap support values (UF/SH-aLRT/SBS) that are higher than 95/80/65. Only six genes from three CYP families in

acerentomon

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-07-25T06:10:54+00:00

Acerentomon sp. Subphylum : Hexapoda Class : Protura Suborder : Acenrentomata Family : Acerentomidae Taxonomy ID 135966 Data from transcriptome shotgun assembly A partial CYPome (41 sequences) from Dermauw et al., 2020 in FASTA format can be downloaded

aculops

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-07-25T06:10:54+00:00

Aculops lycopersici Class : Arachnida Subclass : Acari Superorder : Acariformes Order : Trombidiformes Suborder : Prostigmata Family : Eriophyidae Common name : tomato russet mite NCBI:txid1227671 The 23 P450 sequences are from

acyrthosiphon_pisum

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-07-25T06:10:54+00:00

Acyrthosiphon pisum Class : Insecta Order : Hemiptera Suborder : Sternorrhyncha Infraorder : Aphidomorpha Superfamily : Aphidoidea Family : Aphididae Common name: pea aphid NCBI:txid7029 Annotation from assembly GCA_005508785.2, project SDIB01.

adoxophyes

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-08-16T15:01:12+00:00

Adoxophyes honmai Class : Insecta Infraclass : Neoptera Order : Lepidoptera Clade : Ditrysia Superfamily : Tortricoidea Family : Tortricidae Common name : smaller tea tortrix NCBI:txid85585 Annotation from assembly GCA_005406045.1, project BHDV01 and TSA IADH01.

adrenodoxin

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-07-25T06:10:54+00:00

Mitochondrial P450 redox partners The redox partners of mitochondrial P450s are adrenodoxin reductase (AdR), an NADPH-dependent FAD flavoprotein and adrenodoxin (Adx), a [2Fe-2S] ferredoxin-type iron sulfur protein. These are named for the two redox partners of mammalian adrenal mitochondrial P450s, and this designation has been liberally bestowed on proteins from animals that don't have adrenals. AdR is associated to the inner membrane of mitochondria and Adx is a soluble protein of the mitoch…

aedesa

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-10-21T16:05:26+00:00

Aedes aegypti Class : Insecta Infraclass : Neoptera Order : Diptera Suborder : Nematocera Superfamily : Culicomorpha Family : Culicidae Common name : Yellow fever mosquito NCBI:txid7159 (aka Stegomyia aegypti) Annotation from assembly GCA_002204515.1, WGS project NIGP01, and TSA GFNA01.

altsplicing

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-10-21T12:36:47+00:00

Alternative splicing of arthropod P450s Manual curation of P450 sequences has probably eliminated most obvious errors in gene structure, but only deep transcriptomes and high coverage genomes will help further improve the quality of annotations, as well as shed more light on the question of alternative splicing of P450 transcripts.

amblyseius

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2026-06-15T12:01:57+00:00

Amblyseius andersoni Class : Arachnida Subclass : Acari Superorder : Parasitiformes Order : Mesostigmata Suborder : Monogynaspida Family : Phytoseiidae NCBI:txid714357 106 sequences, of which 4 full length pseudogenes

anopheles

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-07-25T06:10:54+00:00

Anopheles gambiae Class : Insecta Infraclass : Neoptera Order : Diptera Suborder : Nematocera Superfamily : Culicomorpha Family : Culicidae Common name : African malaria mosquito NCBI:txid7165 Annotation from assembly GCA_000005575.1, WGS project AAAB01.

aphis_gossypii

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-08-11T06:42:37+00:00

Aphis gossypii Class : Insecta Order : Hemiptera Suborder : Sternorrhyncha Infraorder : Aphidomorpha Superfamily : Aphidoidea Family : Aphididae Common name : cotton aphid (aka melon aphid) Taxonomy ID 80765 Annotation from assembly GWHESEX00000000 at NGDC, WGS087790 (genome from Hap4,

apis

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-07-25T06:10:54+00:00

Apis mellifera Class : Insecta Order : Hymenoptera Suborder : Apocrita Infraorder : Aculeata Superfamily : Apoidea Family : Apidae Common name : honey bee Taxonomy ID 7460 Annotation from assembly GCA_003254395.2, WGS project QIUM02

arthropod_p450_sequences

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2026-09-03T14:32:20+00:00

Arthropod P450 sequences CYPome collections: For each species, a complete CYPome is provided, obtained by manual curation from genomic and transcriptomic sources. Unless noted otherwise, the CYPomes match a precise genome assembly as stated. Both the sequences and the number of genes are specific for that assembly.

b5

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-07-25T06:10:54+00:00

Cytochrome b5 In contrast to P450 reductase, the role of cytochrome b5 as partner in P450-dependent reactions is considerably more complex. There is a single cytochrome b5 gene in insect genomes, although there are several genes with cyt b5 -like domains.

background_nomenclature

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-12-22T15:24:55+00:00

More on P450 nomenclature Origins A nomenclature of P450 genes and proteins was introduced when only 65 sequences were known ( Nebert et al., 1987). Gene families were initially designated by Roman numerals (e.g. CYPVIA1), but the proliferation of diverse sequences rapidly became discouraging, even to those versed in classics. The rules of nomenclature were then revised to their current form, using arabic numerals (e.g. CYP6A1)(Nebert et al., 1991, Nelson et al., 1993, Nelson et al., 1996).

bactrocera

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2026-01-11T12:49:53+00:00

Bactrocera oleae Class : Insecta Infraclass : Neoptera Order : Diptera Suborder : Brachycera Clade : Cyclorrhapha Superfamily : Tephritoidea Family : Tephritidae Common name : Olive fruit fly Taxonomy ID

bemisia_tabaci

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2026-02-26T17:38:02+00:00

Bemisia tabaci Class : Insecta Infraclass : Neoptera Order : Hemiptera Suborder : Sternorrhyncha Superfamily : Aleyrodoidea Family : Aleyrodidae Common name: whitefly NCBI:txid7038 Bemisia tabaci is a species name that covers a number of closely related genetic groups (or biotypes, or cryptic species). Two globally important pests are the Middle East-Asia Minor 1 (MEAM1) and the Mediterranean (MED) biotypes. Because

bicyclus

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-07-25T06:10:54+00:00

Bicyclus anynana Class : Insecta Infraclass : Neoptera Order : Lepidoptera Clade : Ditrysia Superfamily : Papilionoidea Family : Nymphalidae Common name : squinting bush brown NCBI:txid110368 Annotation from assembly GCA_900239965.1, project OENV01 and TSAs GCOB01, GFVN01 and GHRJ01.

bombus

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-07-25T06:10:54+00:00

Bombus terrestris Class : Insecta Infraclass : Neoptera Order : Hymenoptera Suborder : Apocrita Infraorder : Aculeata Superfamily : Apoidea Family : Apidae Common name: buff-tailed bumblebee NCBI:txid30195 Annotation from assembly GCA_910591885.2, project CAJUYY02.

bombyx

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-07-25T06:10:54+00:00

Bombyx mori Class : Insecta Infraclass : Neoptera Order : Lepidoptera Clade : Ditrysia Superfamily : Bombycoidea Family : Bombycidae Common name : silkworm NCBI:txid7091 Annotation from assembly GCA_000151625.1, WGS project BABH01, revised based on the new assembly from Kawamoto et al. 2019.

bradysiac

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-07-25T06:10:54+00:00

Bradysia coprophila Class : Insecta Infraclass : Neoptera Order : Diptera Suborder : Nematocera Infraorder : Bibionomorpha Superfamily : Sciaroidea Family : Sciaridae common name: black fungus gnat NCBI:txid38358 (aka

branstetter2017

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-07-25T06:10:54+00:00

Figure 1 from Branstetter et al. 2017

broadmite

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2026-02-06T16:21:34+00:00

Polyphagotarsonemus latus Class : Arachnida Subclass : Acari Superorder : Acariformes Order : Trombidiformes Suborder : Prostigmata Family : Tarsonemidae Common name : broad mite or yellow mite NCBI:txid1204166 Annotation from assembly GCA_040055235.1, WGS project JARXLB01 and TSA GKLM01

calopteryx_splendens

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-07-25T06:10:54+00:00

Calopteryx splendens Subphylum : Hexapoda Class : Insecta Order : Odonata Suborder : Zygoptera Superfamily : Calopterygoidea Common name : banded demoiselle Taxonomy ID 52612 53 sequences from Dermauw et al., 2020, revised. In addition to a CYP20 clan sequence,

carposina

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-07-25T06:10:54+00:00

Carposina sasakii Class : Insecta Infraclass : Neoptera Order : Lepidoptera Clade : Ditrysia Superfamily : Copromorphoidea Family : Carposinidae Common name : peach fruit moth NCBI:txid252295 Annotation from assembly GCA_014607495.2 curated with TSA GADL01, GFQL01, GGMY01. The genome paper (Cao et al., 2021) indicates 95 P450s but this manual annotation is probably more accurate.

catajapyx

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-07-25T06:10:54+00:00

Catajapyx aquilonaris Subphylum : Hexapoda Class : Diplura Suborder : Dicellurata Superfamily : Japygoidea Family : Japygidae Taxonomy ID 438503 A partial CYPome (32 sequences) from Dermauw et al., 2020 in FASTA format can be dowloaded [here]. FIXME check for all P450s

catalysis

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-07-25T08:01:54+00:00

P450 catalysis P450 stoichiometry The formal stoichiometry of a P450 reaction would be: 1 RH (organic substrate) + 1 NADPH + 1 O2 => 1 ROH (product) + 1 NADP+ + 1 H2O This is, however, rarely the case. A few P450s are “well coupled”, for instance bacterial P450cam (CYP101) hydroxylates camphor with this stoichiometry (with NADH instead of NADPH). In most cases, the reaction is somewhat

catflea

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-07-25T06:10:54+00:00

Ctenocephalides felis Class : Insecta Infraclass : Neoptera Order : Siphonaptera Suborder : Pulicomorpha Superfamily : Pulicoidea Family : Pulicidae Common name: cat flea NCBI:txid986163 Annotation from assembly GCA_003426905.1, project QVAO01 and TSA GAYP02

centruroides

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-07-25T06:10:54+00:00

Centruroides sculpturatus Class : Arachnida Order : Scorpiones Parvorder : Buthida Superfamily : Buthoidea Family : Buthidae Common name : bark scorpion NCBI:txid218467 Annotation from assembly GCA_000671375.2, WGS project AXZI01.

ceratosolen_solmsi

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-07-25T06:10:54+00:00

Ceratosolen solmsi Class : Insecta Infraclass : Neoptera Order : Hymenoptera Suborder : Apocrita Superfamily : Chalcidoidea Family : Agaonidae Common name: fig wasp NCBI:txid142686 Annotation from assembly GCA_000503995.1, project ATAC01.

chamberlinius

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-12-19T11:09:01+00:00

Chamberlinius hualienensis Class : Diplopoda Subclass : Helminthomorpha Order : Polydesmida Family : Paradoxosomatidae NCBI:txid1551368 Annotation from WGS project BAAGAE01 Yamaguchi and Asano (2025) studied P450s and FMOs from this millipede to identify the enzymes involved in

chemical_structures

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-11-22T16:21:55+00:00

Chemical structures Alphabetical reference list of chemical structures cited in this wiki: From PubChem or from CAS common chemistry. For insecticides/acaricides, the IRAC mode of action classification is provided. For an update on IRAC see Sparks et al., 2021. Use the filter below for a quick search of compound, type, IRAC classification etc.

cimex_lectularius

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-07-25T06:10:54+00:00

Cimex lectularius Class : Insecta Order : Hemiptera Suborder : Heteroptera Infraorder : Cimicomorpha Superfamily : Cimicoidea Family : Cimicidae Common name : bed bug Taxonomy ID 79782 Annotation from assembly GCA_000648675.3, WGS project JHUN02

cnglc

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2026-02-18T15:49:34+00:00

Cyanogenesis Cyanogenic glucoside biosynthesis Cyanogenic glucosides (CNglcs) are β-glucosides of α-hydroxynitriles derived from different amino acids. They are well known and widespread defence compounds due to the release of toxic hydrogen cyanide upon degradation. They are widespread in plants, but are also present in some Arthropod species, mainly within butterflies and moths. Some moths and butterflies are able to biosynthesize the aliphatic CNglcs linamarin (from valine) and lotaustralin…

cnv

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-07-25T06:10:54+00:00

Copy number variation (CNV) Page under construction. Contributions are welcome The “reference” genomes may have fewer or more CYP genes than are found in a natural population. In the two initial reference human genomes, Craig Venter's (Science 2001) has two copies of CYP1A2 and the anonymous public genome (Nature 2001) is deficient in CYP2D6 (CYP2D6*5 deletion allele).

coccinella_septempunctata

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-07-25T06:10:54+00:00

Coccinella septempunctata Class : Insecta Infraclass : Neoptera Order : Coleoptera Suborder : Polyphaga Infraorder : Cucujiformia Superfamily : Coccinelloidea Family : Coccinellidae Common name: seven-spotted ladybird

contact

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-07-25T06:10:54+00:00

Contact Please do not hesitate to contact us to: - notify of errors so they can be corrected - suggest additions or improvements - better yet, submit data or pages or paragraphs that would be relevant. To do so, just send an email to : Thank you for your interest in this dokuwiki.

crustacea

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-07-25T06:10:54+00:00

Phylogeny of Crustacea, detail of Fig.2 from Lozano-Fernandez et al., 2019

cylessseq1

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-07-25T06:10:54+00:00

FASTA of the first type of P450 sequences lacking the conserved Cys Type 1 - CYP3 clan, Polyneoptera-Condylognatha (40 sequences) Species / taxonomic position and accession number (from Dermauw et al. 2020, Suppl. File S2) >Aaroniella_sp-Psocodea-Psocoptera-Philotarsidae-GDEY01026788 MVSDTILIALGSTIFVLLMALLYWYIRKVYSYFEKKGISGPNPLFPIGTW TKSARQFLGKYDIDNTQKYGDTYGTFDGLKPNLITTNVTIIKDLLLSQKIRDRRAFSARN KPLKRVLQILSNENQNDVNTLVNSTLRDQKLGKLLPRLETTTNELVRNLKKEKNEENKVV VNPIVGEFVTDTTALVLLGLDLNSDPVFRQSFVKQIRLI…

cyp2_clan

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-07-25T06:10:54+00:00

CYP2 Clan The CYP2 clan has in general few genes in insects, but many genes in chelicerates, crustacea and collembola (Dermauw et al., 2020), see the distribution of CYP sequences by clan. Several CYP families of the CYP2 clan are involved in essential physiological functions, while others particularly in Chelicerates, are typical xenobiotic metabolizing P450 (see

cyp3_clan

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-07-25T06:10:54+00:00

CYP3 clan The CYP3 clan includes a large group of CYP families, starting with CYP6 and CYP9 and now numbering at least 160 families in arthropods. The CYP3 clan sequences are most closely related to vertebrate CYP3 and CYP5 families. The human CYP3A4 crystal structure is the closest known structure of a CYP3 clan P450. Because of the initial

cyp4c7

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-07-25T06:10:54+00:00

CYP4C7 - a cockroach terpenoid ω-hydroxylase - In corpora allata of the cockroach, Diploptera punctata, expression of the CYP15A1 gene is high when JH synthetic levels are high (Helvig et al., 2004). Another P450 gene, CYP4C7, is also selectively expressed in the corpora allata (CA)(Sutherland et al., 1998). It has an expression pattern that

cyp4g

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2026-01-12T13:56:58+00:00

The CYP4G subfamily Overview Insect P450 enzymes of the CYP4G subfamily catalyze the synthesis of cuticular hydrocarbons that serve multiple functions from desiccation resistance to chemical communication. These functions are essential for survival.

cyp4g_distribution

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-07-25T06:10:54+00:00

Distribution of CYP4G1-type and CYP4G15-type sequences in Neoptera. The CYP4G appear to have evolved from a CYP4C ancestor. Lineages lacking one of the two genes are shown in stippled line. B indicates gene duplications in the lineage, while D means gene loss. This is Figure 6 of

cyp4g_phenotypes

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2026-06-02T13:45:04+00:00

CYP4G activities and phenotypes Use the filter below to search by CYP, species, phenotype etc. speciesCYP4G1-typeCYP4G15-typein vitro activityRNAi phenotypeother observationsDrosophila melanogasterCYP4G1 mostly pupal-adult lethal (Chung et al., 2009, Qiu et al., 2012) reduced CHC content. reduced desiccation resistance. inhibited courtship behavior (Qiu et al., 2012)

cyp4_clan

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-07-25T06:10:54+00:00

CYP4 clan The CYP4 clan genes are highly abundant in arthropod genomes, but paradoxically, one of the least studied in insects (Feyereisen, 2006). This remains the case. The size of the CYP4 clan is reduced in several lineages. While the honey bee and other Apoidea have just four CYP4 clan genes (Claudianos et al., 2006; Beadle et al., 2019), there are only two CYP4 clan genes in

cyp6a1

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-07-25T06:10:54+00:00

CYP6A1 from the housefly Musca domestica CYP6A1 was the first insect P450 to be cloned, functionally expressed, purified and characterized (Feyereisen et al., 1989; Andersen et al., 1994; Guzov et al., 1996;Andersen et al., 1997; Sabourault et al., 2001; Jacobsen et al., 2006; Murataliev et al., 2008).

cyp6a1_case_study

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-07-25T06:10:54+00:00

CYP6A1 and diazinon resistance in the house fly Rutgers strain CYP6A1 is the first insect P450 cDNA to have been cloned. The gene is phenobarbital-inducible and is constitutively overexpressed in the multiresistant Rutgers strain (Feyereisen et al., 1989). A survey of 15 house fly strains (Cariño et al., 1992) showed that CYP6A1 is constitutively overexpressed at various degrees in eight resistant strains, but not in all resistant strains - notably R-Fc known to possess a P450-based resistance …

cyp6ae_helicoverpa

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-07-25T06:10:54+00:00

Activities of the CYP6AE paralogs in Helicoverpa armigera Shi et al.(2018) and Wang et al.(2018) studied the activity of ten CYP6AE genes, nine of which forming a tight genomic cluster in Helicoverpa armigera. Their data, summarized below (Dermauw et al., 2020) shows that these paralogous genes encode P450s with variable catalytic competence that is poorly conserved phylogenetically. The cluster is therefore inherited as a catalytically promiscuous unit, likely to maintain high evolvability.

cyp6cr1

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-07-25T06:10:54+00:00

CYP6CR1 For the mountain pine beetle Dendroctonus ponderosae, exo-brevicomin is one of two important aggregation pheromone components. It is produced by males as they emerge from the brood tree and synergizes the female produced component, (-)-trans-verbenol. Song et al.(2014) showed that CYP6CR1 epoxidized (

cyp6d1_case_study

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-07-25T06:10:54+00:00

CYP6D1, the LPR strain, and pyrethroid resistance in the house fly The LPR strain of the house fly is highly resistant to pyrethroids with a phenoxybenzyl moiety. This permethrin-selected strain has several resistance mechanisms with important contributions of the genes pen (for reduced penetration) and kdr (for target site resistance)(Liu and Scott, 1995) and with P450-based detoxification as a major contributor.

cyp6de1

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-07-25T06:10:54+00:00

CYP6DE1 During the colonization of host trees, female mountain pine beetles Dendroctonus ponderosae release the aggregation pheromone (−)-trans-verbenol. (−)-trans-verbenol is thought to be produced from the pine defense compound (−)-α-pinene by P450 dependent hydroxylation. Chiu et al.,2019 showed that CYP6DE1 used the bicyclic monoterpenes (−)-α-pinene, (+)-α-pinene, (−)-β-pinene, (+)-β-pinene and (+)-3-carene as substrates. CYP6DE1 was not active with other monoterpenes or diterpene resin ac…

cyp6g1_case_study

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-07-25T06:10:54+00:00

Drosophila Cyp6g1, the Rst(2)DDT gene at 64.5 on chromosome 2 The power of Drosophila genetics coupled with the tools made possible by the complete genome sequence has provided the most detailed, yet complex molecular genetic detail about a P450-based insecticide resistance mechanism. The resistance gene Rst(2)DDT has been genetically characterized for over 40 years (review in (Daborn et al., 2001, Wilson, 2001). The position of this gene around 64.5cM on the left arm of chromosome 2 has become…

cyp9q_bees

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-07-25T06:10:54+00:00

Activities of the orthologous CYP9Q in bees Haas et al. (2022) analyzed genomic data for 75 bee species, and identified a syntenic locus with a small cluster of CYP9Q-like genes. They demonstrated by recombinant expression of 26 CYP9Q3 putative functional orthologs that detoxification of thiacloprid, imidacloprid and flupyradifurone is an evolutionary conserved mechanism across bee families. The figure below, from that landmark paper, shows the activity of baculovirus-expressed P450s on thiaclo…

cyp9t2

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-07-25T06:10:54+00:00

CYP9T2 and CYP9T3 in Ips pini These two enzymes (94% identical) from two geographically distinct populations of the pine engraver, Ips pini, produce the aggregation pheromone component ipsdienol from myrcene. Song et al. (2013) documented their activities in vitro towards monoterpenes:

cyp15

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-09-12T06:07:12+00:00

CYP15 - Juvenile Hormone biosynthesis The first member of the CYP15 family, CYP15A1, was cloned from the corpora allata (endocrine glands producing juvenile hormones) of the cockroach Diploptera punctata (Helvig et al., 2004). Purified Diploptera punctata CYP15A1 has a high affinity for methyl farnesoate, showing a type I spectrum with a Ks of 6 μM. The enzyme, when reconstituted with fly P450 reductase, catalyzes the NADPH-dependent epoxidation of 2

cyp16_clan

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-07-25T06:10:54+00:00

CYP16 clan The CYP16 family was the last new family described in vertebrates (Nelson, 2011) and related sequences have only recently gained the status of clan, distinct from the related CYP26 clan (Nelson DR and Goldstone JV, personal communication). No function has yet been described for CYP16 clan P450s.

cyp18and306page

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-09-12T06:22:52+00:00

C-25 hydroxylation, CYP306 and CYP18 Biochemistry The C-25 hydroxylation of 2,22,25-trideoxyecdysone in prothoracic glands of Locusta migratoria was shown to be catalyzed by a microsomal P450 enzyme (Kappler et al. 1988). CO inhibition was reversible by white light, and the activity was also inhibited by piperonyl butoxide, SKF-525A and metyrapone. The C-25 hydroxylation had a Km of 2.5 µM for 2,22,25-trideoxyecdysone.

cyp19_clan

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-07-25T06:10:54+00:00

CYP19 clan The CYP19 clan is named after CYP19A1, the vertebrate steroid aromatase, a highly specialized enzyme. Although it was thought that CYP19 was vertebrate-specific, CYP19-like sequences have now been found in arthropods as well. The genomic CYP19-like sequence from

cyp20_clan

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-07-25T06:10:54+00:00

CYP20 clan P450 sequences of the CYP20 clan are widely but not uniformly distributed in animals. The function of CYP20 remains enigmatic and even the function of the human CYP20A1 gene is still unknown. A FASTA file of currently identified CYP20 clan sequences and partial sequences from arthropods is found

cyp51_clan

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-07-25T06:10:54+00:00

CYP51 clan Arthropods are lacking the conserved CYP51 clan (sterol 14-demethylase) and are known to be sterol auxotrophs (they cannot synthesize sterols de novo), but CYP51 is present in Onychophora, the sister clade of arthropods (Nelson, 2018). A CYP51 transcript

cyp53_clan

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-07-25T06:10:54+00:00

CYP53 clan A horizontally transferred gene. CYP53A57 of Bradysia coprophila represents the first insect CYP53 clan P450. The CYP53A57 gene of four exons on chromosome 4 is highly similar (about 74%) to CYP53 clan sequences from fungi, specifically Dothideomycetes (Ascomycota). This group of fungi is relatively poorly studied, but they comprise animal and plant pathogens as well as saprobes. The position and phase of the three phase 2 introns in

cyp302page

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-12-30T10:53:32+00:00

C-22 hydroxylation and CYP302 Biochemistry C-22 hydroxylation occurs with retention of configuration in the ovaries of Schistocerca gregaria (Greenwood and Rees, 1982): The 22-pro-R and 22-pro-S hydrogen atoms of cholesterol are stereospecifically eliminated and retained respectively during ecdysteroid formation. This indicates that C-22 hydroxylation in ecdysone biosynthesis is direct as expected from a P450-catalyzed reaction. The C-22 hydroxylation of 2,22-dideoxyecdysone in prothoracic gla…

cyp307page

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2026-09-07T09:53:54+00:00

Early steps of ecdysteroid biosynthesis, the "black box" and CYP307 Biochemistry Ecdysteroid biosynthesis is generally considered to start with a sterol (e.g. C27: cholesterol; C28:campesterol; C29: sitosterol). This sterol is converted in ecdysteroidogenic cells to its Δ-7 homolog. The

cyp314page

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-07-25T06:10:54+00:00

C20 hydroxylation and CYP314 Ecdysone 20-monooxygenase activity (E20MO) The conversion of ecdysone to 20-hydroxyecdysone does not occur in the prothoracic glands of insects but occurs in many peripheral tissues, such as the fat body, midgut, and Malpighian tubules. Similarly, in Crustacea the reaction occcurs in peripheral tissues rather then in the ecdysone producing Y organs. The P450 nature of the enzyme catalyzing the 20-hydroxylation of ecdysone has been well established (Smith, 1985) fol…

cyp315page

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-07-25T06:10:54+00:00

C-2 hydroxylation and CYP315 Biochemistry C-2 hydroxylation occurs with retention of configuration in the ovaries of Schistocerca gregaria (Greenwood et al., 1984): The 2ß hydrogen of cholesterol is eliminated during ecdysteroid biosynthesis. This indicates that C-2 hydroxylation is direct as expected from a P450-catalyzed reaction. The hydroxylation of 2-deoxyecdysone to ecdysone in

cypbyclanalpha

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2026-05-24T11:22:50+00:00

speciesclan2clan3clan4mito clanother clansAculops lycopersici11723023Acyrthosiphon pisum1025238066Adoxophyes honmai810743140172Aedes aegypti11755690151Amblyseius andersoni 3843165 0102Anopheles gambiae10384390100Aphis gossypii925166056Apis mellifera83146049Bactrocera oleae7423018097Bemisia tabaci (MED)10575470128Bemisia tabaci (MEAM)10575670130Bicyclus anynana104337200110Bombus terrestris73146048Bombyx mori7293511082Bradysia coprophila1987441319 (1) 53 (1)165Calopteryx splendens20166916(1)20 (1…

cypfam_by_clan

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2026-09-03T14:34:38+00:00

Distribution of arthropod CYP sequences by clan Shown are 95 species with fully annotated CYPomes (in alphabetical order). The data for this table excludes pseudogenes or gene fragments, and counts alternatively spliced transcripts as a single gene. The data are specific for the genome assembly named for each

cyp_clans

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2026-09-03T14:38:33+00:00

CYP clans Clans are the highest classification level of P450 genes. In a phylogenetic analysis of 2920 arthropod P450 sequences (Dermauw et al., 2020), six clans are well supported: CYP2 (100/98/68), CYP3 (100/100/74), CYP4 (98/99.7/75), CYP16 (100/100/100), CYP20 (100/100/100) and the mitochondrial clan (100/100/91). Three more clans (see below) have a more limited distribution (and are not shown in the figure).

cyslesstype1

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-07-25T06:10:54+00:00

cyslesstype2

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-07-25T06:10:54+00:00

FASTA of the second type of P450 sequences lacking the conserved Cys Type 2: Mito clan, Hemipteroids (16 sequences) Species / taxonomic position and accession number (from Dermauw et al. 2020, Suppl. File S2) >Aquarius_paludum-Hemiptera-Gerroidea-GDFO01070937 MESIINTKNSEKLSDKYHLSKLDE AKILSKPFPVDAIDPLSIPGYTPSLSEKPILPKDFIKFTAPATITSYDLVPGPSLLKTVG NIWKYIPLLGTQFVATLIYSMQSLISSYDRRLKYPNVYPYYYLLNKYGPMVRLHGPIGAD ILVMAVNGLDFPLVHIKTRANKRQSLFDSLNTYRRDATPLSYMLNFPKASLRIPDNPTLK IDHHYSSLERITDDFINRRKFVRTYTGAK…

cyslesstype3

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-07-25T06:10:54+00:00

FASTA of the third type of P450 sequences lacking the conserved Cys Type 3 - CYP3 clan, Aphidoidea (16 sequences, some obviously partial) Species and accession number (from Dermauw et al. 2020, Suppl. File S2) >Acyrthosiphon_pisum-XP_008180507m-CYP6YC1 MGAYVTWTLEVLAFAIFVVVAAVVPYARRKRDYWMNRGVLAAAGYRLLVNTLPGIRLHDRSLSGHRNDAKAAGAAVLGLYDAGRPTVLACDIRVAAAAMANDGFAEVETRGGREMSLLPTAVDAGAVTAVLPTMAVCVAELITSLEAVANRRLTIVPWTEVKKCATTVVATCVYGQPMVDSRIKAFAEQCDKALSGASGRPTVTDHFASYDLSSDGRASSSDFKQILRAAAADSDKIDADVA…

cyslesstype4

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-07-25T06:10:54+00:00

FASTA of the fourth type of P450 sequences lacking the conserved Cys Type 4 - CYP3 clan, Coleoptera (15 sequences) Species / taxonomic position and accession number (from Dermauw et al. 2020, Suppl. File S2) >Aethina_tumida-Coleoptera-Cucujoidea-XP_019871056 MDLCSRQFNFFVEASTLLYCLTLFTFVVVGLFLFVQSVYSFFEKQKIPRGPLPSPPFGNLKDVIFKRVNVNIHLWKYYNRFRRKKYWFGGLYILFKPLVMILDPYLVYTVLTDNNHFEDIDDDISEENASAIYDDAILVEFLKKYDALEDKFLNTIDSATSIYDFYVKASTHLIGISPLEFSTLEKKDHPRHQSTFSYYLSLSYPQLCQTFNINSNYGNTGLTNLLRKELERRKKN…

cyslesstype5

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-07-25T06:10:54+00:00

FASTA of the fifth type of P450 sequences lacking the conserved Cys Type 5 - CYP3 clan, Acrididae (5 sequences) Species and accession number (from Dermauw et al. 2020, Suppl. File S2) >Locusta_migratoria-LOCMI16137-CYP3136A1 MGVLTDSLWPDLCFLLFAFWTMAYIYASRHFNFWIKQGIPYIKPLPFLGNFSDIVLSRLSVAQLLKKVYEEHRQQPYLGMFAFDQPVLLVRDRRLVKHILSSEVSGAWDWGTADCHRCPLGPRNIFGATGDRWCIARNKLIPTFTVDEMKQMNHVLNEIAKDYASCFETSALAGKPVKVQETLTEHTVHRLSECIFGAKGNALNISKSSLYSHLLDNRRPSAIQGIKHAATFVMPFILKPFESSDGDAGFESELGKAIANNLSYREKCGLTQ…

cyslesstype6

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-07-25T06:10:54+00:00

FASTA of the sixth type of P450 sequences lacking the conserved Cys Type 6 - Mito clan, Psocodea (5 sequences) Species and accession number (from Dermauw et al. 2020, Suppl. File S2) >Pediculus_humanus-XP_002432878m-CYP3750A1 MATLLLKVLQEAADSKPKKKQTQIKSKGVTGNATNKDNPYDNIRKKQEKNPENFLIKVRSSVNIGLDSDKNYKIIEGAKGKIKTKSSGKNVRGVSLPVQSGQSSEIVVDDNGKTSTEKKTTLPSQQICYNELKSEVNMNTLAPSFLTKDHTVPKIFSDLTDEIPGPEILKKISSAWKWFPVIGSQLTIFTLFRSFQLVSLSSAIFSSDEMCKKKKKQSLNKLFNKYGPIVNLQGPLSGNIILLHKPEHLSAVFEQDSLPFIRSVLDSLELS…

daphnia

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-07-25T06:10:54+00:00

Daphnia pulex Class : Branchiopoda Subclass : Phyllopoda Order : Diplostraca Suborder : Cladocera Family : Daphniidae Common name : common water flea Taxonomy ID 6669 Annotation from assembly GCA_000187875.1, WGS project ACJG01.

debug_test

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-07-28T17:06:10+00:00

dendroctonus_ponderosae

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-07-25T06:10:54+00:00

Dendroctonus ponderosae Class : Insecta Order : Coleoptera Suborder : Polyphaga Infraorder : Cucujiformia Superfamily : Curculionoidea Family : Curculionidae Common name : mountain pine beetle Taxonomy ID 77166 Annotation from assembly GCA_020466585.1, WGS project JAFETG01

dermaptera_tsa

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-07-25T06:10:54+00:00

Dermaptera Class : Insecta Infraclass : Neoptera Cohort : Polyneoptera Order : Dermaptera common name : earwigs NCBI:txid27434 Sequences mined and named by David Nelson from TSA (Transcriptome Shotgun Assemblies) in 2020. These are not sequences mined from full genomes. Therefore, orthologs may have different names because they are not identical in sequence and their orthology cannot be determined. Also, alleles of the same gene may have different CYP name…

dermatophagoides

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-08-15T15:14:56+00:00

Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus Class : Arachnida Subclass : Acari Superorder : Acariformes Order : Sarcoptiformes Suborder : Astigmata Family : Pyroglyphidae Common name : European house dust mite NCBI:txid6956 Two CYPome annotations are presented to illustrate sequence variation in this important pest. House dust mites are a global health problem because of the allergens they produce.

dgallinae

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-07-25T06:10:54+00:00

Dermanyssus gallinae Class : Arachnida Subclass : Acari Superorder : Parasitiformes Order : Mesostigmata Suborder : Monogynaspida Family : Dermanyssidae Common name : poultry red mite NCBI:txid34641 Annotated from assembly GCA_003439945.1, project QVRM01; TSA GIFZ01, GAIF01.

diaphanosoma

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2026-04-15T13:27:42+00:00

Diaphanosoma celebensis Class : Branchiopoda Subclass : Phyllopoda Order : Diplostraca Suborder : Cladocera Family : Sididae NCBI:txid 2184134 CYPome from Kim et al. (2021), 70 sequences with minor revisions, and with official CYP names.

dinocampus

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-07-25T06:10:54+00:00

Dinocampus coccinellae Class : Insecta Order : Hymenoptera Suborder : Apocrita Infraorder : Parasitoida Superfamily : Ichneumonoidea Family : Braconidae taxonomy ID 144245 “accelerated rates of gene duplication” Zhao et al., 2021

ditrysia

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-07-25T06:10:54+00:00

Detail of Figure 1 from Kawahara et al., 2019

drosophila

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2026-09-08T09:42:20+00:00

Drosophila melanogaster Class : Insecta Order : Diptera Suborder : Brachycera Clade : Cyclorrhapha Superfamily : Ephydroidea Family : Drosophilidae (subgenus Sophophora) Common name : fruit fly NCBI:txid7227 Annotation from assembly GCA_000001215.3

droso_pse

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-07-25T06:10:54+00:00

Drosophila melanogaster P450 pseudogenes CYP6A16P on chr. 2L has a frameshift mutation in the genome. NCBI proteins for CYP6A16 override this frameshift and claim : exception=“annotated by transcript or proteomic data” and “complex mutation, may be evolving pseudogene

ecdysteroid_metabolism

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-09-12T06:19:29+00:00

Ecdysteroid metabolism Ecdysteroids is a generic term for the arthropod molting hormones, including ecdysone, first isolated from Bombyx pupae in 1954, 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E), the most common molting hormone, and related molecules of which many are found in plants. According to Lafont et al. (2012) ecdysteroids can be defined either by their biological activity (molting hormones) or their chemical structure. They represent a specific family of sterol derivatives that bear common structural fe…

ectropis

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-07-25T06:10:54+00:00

Ectropis grisescens Class : Insecta Infraclass : Neoptera Order : Lepidoptera Clade : Ditrysia Superfamily : Geometroidea Family : Geometridae Common name : tea geometrid; tea looper NCBI:txid1530245 Annotation from assembly GCA_017562165.1, project JADLOZ01 and Trinity-assembled TSA.

effects_of_p450_knockdown_by_rnai

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2026-09-08T08:57:44+00:00

Effects of P450 knockdown by RNAi The results in the table below should be interpreted with caution in the absence of independent confirmation such as in vitro activity, transgenic expression or CRISPR/Cas9 knockout. RNAi is not equally effective in all arthropod species. The effects on pesticide toxicity also need to be carefully evaluated with attention to toxicity levels in controls, levels of target gene transcript after RNAi, and significance of changes (marginal effects ?). In some cases …

embioptera_tsa

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-07-25T06:10:54+00:00

Embioptera Class : Insecta Infraclass : Neoptera Cohort : Polyneoptera Order : Embioptera Common name: Web-spinners NCBI:txid50657 190 Sequences mined and named by David Nelson from TSA (Transcriptome Shotgun Assemblies) in 2020. These are not sequences mined from full genomes. Therefore, orthologs may have different names because they are not identical in sequence and their orthology cannot be determined. Also, alleles of the same gene may have different …

eumeta

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-07-25T06:10:54+00:00

Eumeta japonica Class : Insecta Infraclass : Neoptera Order : Lepidoptera Clade : Ditrysia Superfamily : Tineoidea Family : Psychidae Common name : bagworm moth NCBI:txid151549 Annotation from assembly GCA_005406025.1, project BGZK01 and TSA ICPM01.

euperipatoides

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-07-25T06:10:54+00:00

Euperipatoides sp. Clade : Panarthropoda Phylum : Onychophora Order : Euonychophora Family : Peripatopsidae Common name: velvet worms NCBI:txid27570 Onychophora are the accepted sister group of arthropods. Nelson (2018) analyzed the CYPome of

expandedts3

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2026-08-16T14:53:12+00:00

Lookup table of CYP clans in arthropods The “first arthropod” sequence is the “type” sequence for that family, or the CYP#A1 sequence. When the family was not named first for an arthropod sequence, then the initial A1 gene is also mentioned in parenthesis (e.g. CYP4C1 first arthropod sequence of CYP4 family, but CYP4A1 is from rat).

external_links

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2026-01-08T14:33:21+00:00

External links Some useful resources: The Cytochrome P450 Homepage of David Nelson This is the P450 website of Professor David R. Nelson at the University of Tennessee. Dr. Nelson should be contacted ( email) to obtain official CYP nomenclature names. The CYP names in this dokuwiki have all been approved by the P450 nomenclature committee.

floralillusion

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2026-09-15T12:37:25+00:00

Floral volatiles allomones Larvae of the poisonous European blister beetle Meloe proscarabaeus (Coleoptera, Tenebrionoidea, Meloidae) parasitize multiple solitary bee species. These larvae (called triangula) lure bees by emitting a bouquet of volatile compounds that closely resembles floral scent. Chemical analyses reveal a complex blend of monoterpenoids derived from (S)-linalool, a ubiquitous floral volatile. These compounds function as floral-scent mimics, eliciting attraction in bees and ac…

fmo

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-07-25T06:10:54+00:00

Flavin monooxygenases (FMO) Page under construction. Contributions are welcome Not all P450-dependent reactions are monooxygenations, and not all monooxygenases are P450 enzymes (Mansuy and Renaud, 1995). In particular, flavin monooxygenases or FMOs are NADPH-dependent enzymes that catalyze some reactions similar or identical to those catalyzed by P450 enzymes.

folsomia

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-07-25T06:10:54+00:00

Folsomia candida Subphylum : Hexapoda Class : Collembola Order : Entomobryomorpha Superfamily : Isotomoidea Family : Isotomidae Common name : springtail Taxonomy ID 158441 Annotation from assembly GCA 002217175.1, project LNIX01 and TSA GAMN01, GASX02

functions

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2026-09-15T12:21:24+00:00

Arthropod P450 functions With so many arthropod species, so many P450s and so few researchers in the field, it is no surprise that we know so little about arthropod P450 functions. Even in humans, the function of 3/57 P450s is still unknown and they remain “orphans” with no known substrate (Guengerich, 2022).

galleria

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-07-25T06:10:54+00:00

Galleria mellonella Class : Insecta Infraclass : Neoptera Order : Lepidoptera Clade : Ditrysia Superfamily : Pyraloidea Family : Pyralidae Common name : greater wax moth NCBI:txid7137 Annotation from assembly GCA_004355975.1, project NHTH01, and TSA GGQK01

gene_conversion

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-07-25T06:10:54+00:00

Gene conversion Page under construction. Contributions are welcome

grylloblattodea_tsa

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-07-25T06:10:54+00:00

Grylloblattodea Class : Insecta Infraclass : Neoptera Cohort : Polyneoptera Order : Grylloblattodea Family : Grylloblattidae Common name: ice crawlers / rock crawlers NCBI:txid58557 94 Sequences mined and named by David Nelson from TSA (Transcriptome Shotgun Assemblies) in 2020. These are not sequences mined from full genomes. Therefore, orthologs may have different names because they are not identical in sequence and their orthology cannot be determ…

gryllus

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2026-02-03T09:22:22+00:00

Gryllus bimaculatus Subphylum : Hexapoda Class : Insecta Order : Orthoptera Suborder : Ensifera Superfamily : Grylloidea common name:two-spotted cricket Taxonomy ID 6999 Annotation from assembly Gbim_2.2 (PRJNA1347939) and TSA GFMG02, GISW01, ICRS01.

harmigera

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-12-24T08:21:13+00:00

Helicoverpa armigera Class : Insecta Infraclass : Neoptera Order : Lepidoptera Clade : Ditrysia Superfamily : Noctuoidea Family : Noctuidae Common name : cotton bollworm NCBI:txid29058 Annotation from assembly GCA_002156985.1, WGS project NHMN01. This is from the Australian CSIRO strain sequenced by

hemiptera

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-07-25T06:10:54+00:00

detail of Fig 1 from Johnson et al., 2018

hermetia

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-07-25T06:10:54+00:00

Hermetia illucens Class : Insecta Infraclass : Neoptera Order : Diptera Suborder : Brachycera Infraorder : Stratiomyomorpha Family : Stratiomyidae Common name: black soldier fly NCBI:txid343691 Annotation from assembly GCA_905115235.1, project CAJHNG01.

heterocypris

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-07-25T06:10:54+00:00

Heterocypris incongruens Superclass : Oligostraca Class : Ostracoda Subclass : Podocopa Order : Podocopidae Family : Cyprididae Taxonomy ID 425018 FIXME check for all TSA P450s 20 sequences from transcriptome shotgun assembly. FASTA file can be downloaded

humanp450functions

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-07-25T06:10:54+00:00

Human P450 functions Table from Guengerich, 2022

hyallella

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-07-25T06:10:54+00:00

Hyalella azteca Superclass : Multicrustacea Class : Malacostraca Superorder : Peracarida Order : Amphipoda Family : Hyalellidae Taxonomy ID 294128 54 sequences from Dermauw et al., 2020 A FASTA format file of the CYPome can be downloaded [here].

introduction_nomenclature

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2026-05-25T09:55:45+00:00

CYP genes, P450 enzymes what's in a name ? CYP genes encoding P450 enzymes are consistently found among the largest gene families in plants, animals and fungi. These enzymes are at the interface of environmental responses, metabolism and endocrine regulation by catalyzing the transformation of a myriad of exogenous and endogenous substrates by hydroxylation, epoxidation, dealkylations and a great variety of other reactions. This dokuwiki has a focus on arthropod P450s.

in_vitro_activities

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2026-09-08T08:38:29+00:00

In vitro activities method key: P: purified enzyme E: E.coli expression B: baculovirus expression D: Drosophila cell transfection Y: yeast expression O: other expression system. Negative results (i.e. no metabolism detected) are listed when available. These are indicative only, because improvements in assay systems can turn a negative result (e.g. metabolism below the limit of detection) to a positive one. Positive results also need to be i…

iridoids

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-11-19T16:36:56+00:00

Iridoid biosynthesis Iridoids are cyclic monoterpenes found in plants and arthropods. In insects, they serve as sex pheromones and as defensive compounds. The first committed step in their biosynthesis is the ω-hydroxylation of geraniol. Three independently evolved P450s have been shown to catalyze this reaction, CYP6BH5 in the beetle

ischnura_elegans

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-07-25T06:10:54+00:00

Ischnura elegans Class : Insecta Infraclass : Paleoptera Order : Odonata Suborder : Zygoptera Superfamily : Coenagrionoidea Family : Coenagrionidae Common name: blue-tailed demoiselle NCBI:txid197161 Annotation from assembly GCA_00921293095.1, and TSA GFWX01.

ixodes

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-07-25T06:10:54+00:00

Ixodes scapularis Class : Arachnida Subclass : Acari Superorder : Parasitiformes Order : Ixodida Superfamily : Ixodoidea Family : Ixodidae Common name : black-legged tick, or deer tick NCBI:txid6945 199 sequences. Note that the annotation of Dermauw et al., 2020 is based on two sub-optimal genomes, with some uncertainty about heterozygosity. Some very close sequences named v1 and v2 may or may not represent alleles of the same gene.

leptinotarsa

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-09-10T16:27:27+00:00

Leptinotarsa decemlineata Class : Insecta Infraclass : Neoptera Order : Coleoptera Suborder : Polyphaga Infraorder : Cucujiformia Superfamily : Chrysomeloidea Family : Chrysomelidae Common name: Colorado potato beetle

limulus

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-07-25T06:10:54+00:00

Limulus polyphemus Class : Merostomata Order : Xiphosura Family : Limulidae Common name : Atlantic horseshoe crab NCBI:txid6850 147 sequences from Dermauw et al., 2020 A FASTA format file of the CYPome can be downloaded [here]. The distribution of genes by CYP clan is tabulated

locusta

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-07-25T06:10:54+00:00

Locusta migratoria Subphylum : Hexapoda Class : Insecta Order : Orthoptera Suborder : Caelifera Superfamily : Acridoidea Common name : migratory locust Taxonomy ID 7004 Annotation from assembly GCA_000516895.1, WGS project AVCP01

lutzomyia

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-07-25T06:10:54+00:00

Lutzomyia longipalpis Class : Insecta Infraclass : Neoptera Order : Diptera Suborder : Nematocera Superfamily : Psychodoidea Family : Psychodidae Common name: (sandfly) NCBI:txid7200 Annotation from assembly GCA_024334085.1, project xxxx01, and RNAseq data by Jason Charamis

machilis

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-07-25T06:10:54+00:00

Machilis hrabei Subphylum : Hexapoda Class : Insecta Subclass : Monocondylia Order : Archaeognatha Family : Machilidae Taxonomy ID 438506 39 sequences from Dermauw et al., 2020, with 14 additional named but incomplete genomic sequences and sequences from TSA. Genome assembly GCA_003456935.1 is very fragmented.

manduca

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-07-25T06:10:54+00:00

Manduca sexta Class : Insecta Infraclass : Neoptera Order : Lepidoptera Clade : Ditrysia Superfamily : Bombycoidea Family : Sphingidae Common name : tobacco hornworm NCBI:txid7130 Annotation from assembly GCA_000262585.1, WGS project AIXA01

mantodea_tsa

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-07-25T06:10:54+00:00

Mantodea Class : Insecta Infraclass : Neoptera Cohort : Polyneoptera Order : Mantodea Common name: mantids NCBI:txid7504 293 sequences mined and named by David Nelson from TSA (Transcriptome Shotgun Assemblies) in November 2020. These are not sequences mined from full genomes, so orthologs can have different names because they are not identical in sequence and their orthology cannot be determined. Also, alleles of the same gene can have different CYP names simply be…

mantophasmatodea_tsa

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-07-25T06:10:54+00:00

Mantophasmatodea Class : Insecta Infraclass : Neoptera Cohort : Polyneoptera Order : Mantophasmatodea Common name: African rock crawlers / gladiators / heelwalkers NCBI:txid192413 101 Sequences mined and named by David Nelson from TSA (Transcriptome Shotgun Assemblies) in 2020. These are not sequences mined from full genomes. Therefore, orthologs may have different names because they are not identical in sequence and their orthology cannot be determined. A…

mecoptera_tsa

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-07-25T06:10:54+00:00

Mecoptera Class : Insecta Infraclass : Neoptera Order : Mecoptera Common name: scorpionflies and hangingflies NCBI:txid27420 Sequences mined and named by David Nelson from TSA (Transcriptome Shotgun Assemblies) in 2020. These are not sequences mined from full genomes. Therefore, orthologs may have different names because they are not identical in sequence and their orthology cannot be determined. Also, alleles of the same gene may have different CYP names simply …

megachile

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-07-25T06:10:54+00:00

Megachile rotundata Class : Insecta Order : Hymenoptera Suborder : Apocrita Infraorder : Aculeata Superfamily : Apoidea Family : Megachilidae Common name: alfalfa leafcutting bee Taxonomy ID 143995 Annotation from assembly GCA_000220905.1, project AFJA01.

megaloptera_tsa

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-07-25T06:10:54+00:00

Megaloptera Class : Insecta Infraclass : Neoptera Superorder : Neuropterida Order : Megaloptera Common name: dobsonflies, fishflies and alderflies NCBI:txid50553 60 Sequences mined and named by David Nelson from TSA (Transcriptome Shotgun Assemblies) in November 2020. These are not sequences mined from full genomes, so orthologs can have different names because they are not identical in sequence and their orthology cannot be determined. Also, alleles of the same gene ca…

meinertellus

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-07-25T06:10:54+00:00

Meinertellus cundinamarcensis Subphylum ; Hexapoda Class : Insecta Subclass : Monocondylia Order : Archaeognatha Family : Meinertellidae Common name: rock bristletails NCBI:txid1323549 31 Sequences mined and named by David Nelson from TSA (Transcriptome Shotgun Assemblies) in 2020. These are not sequences mined from full genomes. Therefore, orthologs may have different names because they are not identical in sequence and their orthology cannot be det…

mesobuthus

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-07-25T06:10:54+00:00

Mesobuthus martensii Class : Arachnida Order : Scorpiones Parvorder : Buthida Superfamily : Buthoidea Family : Buthidae Common name : Chinese scorpion NCBI:txid34649 FIXME incomplete CYPome Annotation from assembly GCA_000484575.1, WGS project AYEL01.

metaseiulus

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-07-25T06:10:54+00:00

Metaseiulus occidentalis Class : Arachnida Subclass : Acari Superorder : Parasitiformes Order : Mesostigmata Suborder : Monogynaspida Family : Phytoseiidae Common name : western predatory mite NCBI:txid34638 (aka Galendromus occidentalis

misof

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-07-25T06:10:54+00:00

Phylogeny of hexapods, including insects, detail of Fig. 1 from Misof et al. (2014)

mito_clan

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-09-11T09:41:46+00:00

The mitochondrial P450 clan (Mito clan) (= CYP11 clan) Sequences belonging to this clan are considered to be located on the inner membrane of mitochondria, as are the vertebrate members of this clan (CYP11, CYP24, CYP27). This clan has therefore the

monooxygenase

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-07-25T06:10:54+00:00

Monooxgenases, mixed function oxidases (MFO) The discovery of enzymes capable of catalyzing the activation of molecular oxygen - oxygenases - dates back to 1955 and the work of Osamu Hayaishi and Howard Mason (Hayaishi et al., 1955; Mason et al., 1955) who independently showed the incorporation of oxygen atoms from atmospheric oxygen rather than from water into organic substrates.

muscalure

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-07-25T06:10:54+00:00

House fly sex pheromone biosynthesis The reactions are catalyzed by P450 enzyme(s) (Ahmad et al.,1987), which have not yet been identified. In female house flies the (Z)-9-tricosene produced by CYP4G enzyme(s) is a major component of the sex pheromone, being responsible for inducing the courtship ritual and the males' striking activity. Additional components of the pheromone are the sex recognition factors (Z)-9,10-epoxytricosane and (Z)-14-tricosen-10-one. These compounds are obviously deri…

myzus_persicae

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-07-25T06:10:54+00:00

Myzus persicae Class : Insecta Order : Hemiptera Suborder : Sternorrhyncha Infraorder : Aphidomorpha Superfamily : Aphidoidea Family : Aphididae Common name : green peach aphid Taxonomy ID 13164 Annotation from assembly GCA_001856785.1, WGS project LXJY01

n-terminal_sequence

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-07-25T06:10:54+00:00

nanocarbons

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-08-11T15:52:47+00:00

Metabolism of nanocarbons Usami et al. (2025) studied the metabolism of nanocarbons by Spodoptera litura larvae. When fed [6]MCPP (methylene-bridged cycloparaphenylene), 4th and 5th instar larvae converted this compound to its oxylene (see figure). Two P450s were particularly induced, CYP6AE70 and CYP6AE47. Usami et al. then showed that these two P450s were responsible for this monooxygenation, as evidenced by RNAi and by expression of CPR-fused P450s in

nasonia_vitripennis

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2026-06-17T13:20:19+00:00

Nasonia vitripennis Class : Insecta Order : Hymenoptera Suborder : Apocrita Infraorder : Parasitoida Superfamily : Chalcidoidea Family : Pteromalidae Common name : jewel wasp Taxonomy ID 7425 Annotation from assembly GCA_009193385.1, WGS project WELF01

neodiprion

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-07-25T06:10:54+00:00

Neodiprion lecontei Class : Insecta Infraclass : Neoptera Order : Hymenoptera Superfamily : Tenthredinoidea Family : Diprionidae Common name : redheaded pine sawfly Taxonomy ID 441921 Annotation from assembly GCA_021901455.1, project JANJQH01, and TSA,

neomicropteryx

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-07-25T06:10:54+00:00

Neomicropteryx cornuta Class : Insecta Infraclass : Neoptera Order : Lepidoptera Suborder : Zeugloptera Family : Micropterigidae Common name: (mandibulate moth) NCBI:txid245865 Annotation from assembly GCA_020383195.1, project JAHKQU01, and SRA transcripts.

neuroptera_tsa

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-07-25T06:10:54+00:00

Neuroptera TSA Class : Insecta Infraclass : Neoptera Order : Neuroptera Common name: net-winged insects (lacewings, antlions and related) NCBI:txid7516 Sequences mined and named by David Nelson from TSA (Transcriptome Shotgun Assemblies) in 2020. These are not sequences mined from full genomes. Therefore, orthologs may have different names because they are not identical in sequence and their orthology cannot be determined. Also, alleles of the same gene may have d…

nezara_viridula

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-07-25T06:10:54+00:00

Nezara viridula Class : Insecta Order : Hemiptera Suborder : Heteroptera Infraorder : Pentatomomorpha Superfamily : Pentatomoidea Family : Pentatomidae Common name : southern green stink bug Taxonomy ID 85310 Annotation from assembly GCA_928085145.1, WGS project CAKMRH01

nicrophorus_vespilloides

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-07-25T06:10:54+00:00

Nicrophorus vespilloides Class : Insecta Order : Coleoptera Suborder : Polyphaga Infraorder : Staphiliniformia Superfamily : Staphilinoidea Family : Silphidae Taxonomy ID 110193 Annotation from assembly GCA_001412225.1, WGS project LJCH01

nilaparvata_lugens

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2026-09-10T11:13:39+00:00

Nilaparvata lugens Class : Insecta Infraclass : Neoptera Order : Hemiptera Suborder : Auchenorrhyncha Superfamily : Fulguroidea Family : Delphacidae Common name: brown planthopper NCBI:txid108931 Annotation from assembly GCA_014356525.1, WGS project WOVF01. This assembly has some problems. A few genes were salvaged with evidence from TSA (CYP6AY1 from GAYF02039243.1; CYP6FL4 from GAYF02039105.1; CYP4C61 from GAYF02038670.1; CYP4FT1 from IACV01097039.1; CYP439…

nordmannii

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-07-25T06:10:54+00:00

Lepeophtheirus nordmannii Superclass : Multicrustacea Class : Hexanauplia Subclass : Copepoda Order : Sophinostomatoida Family : Caligidae Taxonomy ID 2742169 Annotation from assembly GCA_016086655.3, WGS project JADKYV01.

null_mutants_or_crispr_cas_knockouts

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2026-09-08T08:48:16+00:00

Null mutants and CRISPR/Cas knockouts and mutagenesis P450 phenotypes or activities as revealed by null mutants and CRISPR/Cas knockouts and mutagenesis: For null mutants the phenotype is indicated. For CRISPR/Cas (indicated as CC9), the result is lower toxicity or metabolism of the listed chemical(s). Negative results are listed when available.

odabee

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-07-25T06:10:54+00:00

Honey bee mandibular gland pheromones In the honeybee, caste-specific ω and ω-1 hydroxylations of fatty acids to mandibular gland pheromones are chemically typical of P450 reactions (Plettner et al., 1998). The enzymes involved in pheromone biosynthesis are probably exquisitely specific, but they have not been identified yet. CYP6AS8 and CYPAS11 are highly expressed in mandibular glands and are candidate genes for the synthesis of these fatty acid-derived caste-specific signals (Wu et al., 2017…

odontomachus

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-10-17T08:24:54+00:00

Odontomachus brunneus Class : Insecta Infraclass : Neoptera Order : Hymenoptera Suborder : Apocrita Infraorder : Aculeata Superfamily : Formicoidea Family : Formicidae Subfamily : Ponerinae Common name: a trap-jaw ant

orius_laevigatus

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-07-25T06:10:54+00:00

Orius laevigatus Class : Insecta Order : Hemiptera Suborder : Heteroptera Infraorder : Cimicomorpha Superfamily : Cimicoidea Family : Anthocoridae (pirate bug) Taxonomy ID 82742 The sequences are from Bailey et al. (2022) warning: BUSCO 91.0 3.4 duplicated 7.8 missing

orthologs

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-07-25T06:10:54+00:00

Orthologs Genes separated by speciation are called orthologs. Genes separated by gene duplication events are called paralogs. In a gene family with so many births and deaths as the P450s, it can be difficult to assign true orthology (homologous genes separated by speciation events). Paralogs (homologous genes separated by duplication) can blur the picture by differential loss. The somewhat looser term “

osmia

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-07-25T06:10:54+00:00

Osmia bicornis Class : Insecta Order : Hymenoptera Suborder : Apocrita Infraorder : Aculeata Superfamily : Apoidea Family : Megachilidae Common name: red mason bee Taxonomy ID 1437190 Annotation from assembly GCF_907164935.1, project CAJRAL01, and TSA

ostrinia

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-07-25T06:10:54+00:00

Ostrinia furnacalis Class : Insecta Infraclass : Neoptera Order : Lepidoptera Clade : Ditrysia Superfamily : Pyraloidea Family : Crambidae Common name : Asian corn borer NCBI:txid93504 Annotation from assembly GCA_004193835.1, project PPXJ01 and TSA GGFH01 and GAQJ01.

othercypomes

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-07-25T06:10:54+00:00

Beyond arthropods : a few reference CYPomes * Human CYPome [57 human P450s] * Saccharomyces cerevisiae CYPome [ 3 yeast P450s] * Arabidopsis thaliana CYPome [244 Arabidopsis P450s] * Escherichia coli is a major model organism lacking P450 genes. The distribution of P450s in bacteria is highly uneven, for instance all cyanobacteria and mycobacteria have P450 genes, most firmicutes, bacteroidetes and gammaproteobacterial species have none (Nkosi et al. 2022).

p450_and_resistance

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2026-02-25T16:52:08+00:00

P450 and pesticide resistance For recent and general reviews of the role of P450s in pesticide resistance, see Nauen et al., 2022 and Hayward et al. 2026. A reminder of “resistance” definitions: The classical definitions are from the WHO (1957): Resistance is the development of an ability in a strain of insects to tolerate a dose of toxicants which would prove lethal to the majority of individuals in a normal population of the same species; and from the FAO: resistance is the decreased respo…

p450_classification

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2026-04-20T09:47:14+00:00

p450_history

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-07-25T06:10:54+00:00

Elements of a chronology of arthropod P450 research The earliest studies of oxidative metabolism of insecticides in insects in the 1950's closely followed and paralleled similar studies on drug and insecticide metabolism in vertebrates. In vivo and intact tissue experiments were then followed by experiments with cell-free extracts and

p450_inhibition

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-07-25T06:10:54+00:00

P450 inhibition and pesticide synergists Page under construction. Contributions are welcome

p450_spectrum

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-07-25T06:10:54+00:00

P450 spectra The spectral characterization of P450 dates back to the publication of Omura and Sato (1964). A protocol has been published by Guengerich et al.(2009). P450 spectrum from insect microsomes P450 spectrum from Locusta migratoria Malphighian tubule microsomes, obtained in 1976 on a Cary 118c spectrophotometer. Note the P420 shoulder.

panonychus

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-07-25T06:10:54+00:00

Panonychus citri Class : Arachnida Subclass : Acari Superorder : Acariformes Order : Trombidiformes Suborder : Prostigmata Family : Tetranychidae Common name : citrus red mite NCBI:txid50023 Annotation from assembly GCA_014898815.1, project JAABK01, and TSA

papilio

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-07-25T06:10:54+00:00

Papilio xuthus Class : Insecta Infraclass : Neoptera Order : Lepidoptera Clade : Ditrysia Superfamily : Papilionoidea Family : Papilionidae Common name : Asian swallowtail NCBI:txid66420 Annotation from assembly GCA_000836235.1, project BBJE01 and GCA_001298345.1 project LADI01.

paracyclopina

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-07-25T06:10:54+00:00

Paracyclopina nana Superclass : Multicrustacea Class : Hexanauplia Subclass : Copepoda Order : Cyclopoida Family : Cyclopettidae Taxonomy ID 565004 Data from transcriptome shotgun assembly published in Han et al. (2015). They have official CYP names, but have not otherwise been verified for accuracy. 4 sequences marked

parasteatoda

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-07-25T06:10:54+00:00

Parasteatoda tepidariorum Class : Arachnida Order : Araneae Suborder : Araneomorphae Clade : Orbiculariae Superfamily : Araneoidea Family : Theridiidae Common name : common house spider NCBI:txid114398 Annotation from assembly GCA_000365465.2, WGS project AOMJ02.

pectinophora

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-07-25T06:10:54+00:00

Pectinophora gossypiella Class : Insecta Infraclass : Neoptera Order : Lepidoptera Clade : Ditrysia Superfamily : Gelechioidea Family : Gelechiidae (pink bollworm) NCBI:txid13191 Annotation from assembly GCA_024362695.1 project JAMDNT01

pediculus_humanus

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-07-25T06:10:54+00:00

Pediculus humanus Subphylum : Hexapoda Class : Insecta Superorder : Psocodea Order : Phthiraptera Suborder : Anoplura Family : Peliculidae Common name : human body louse Taxonomy ID 121225 36 sequences from Dermauw et al., 2020. Note that the P450s called CYP9AG1 and 9AG2 in the initial annotation of the body louse CYPome (Lee et al. 2010)(and quoted as such in Yoon et al., 2011 and Kim et al, 2018) have been renamed CYP9AR1 and 9AR2 by D. Nelson.

phalangium

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2026-08-16T15:01:05+00:00

Phalangium opilio Class : Arachnida Order : Opiliones Suborder : Palpatores Family : Phalangiidae Common name : daddy longlegs, common harvestman NCBI:txid118624 Annotation from assembly GCA_054372755.1, WGS project JBJXVG01.

phasmatodea_tsa

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-07-25T06:10:54+00:00

Phasmatodea Class : Insecta Infraclass : Neoptera Cohort : Polyneoptera Order : Phasmatodea Common name: walking sticks NCBI:txid7020 208 Sequences mined and named by David Nelson from TSA (Transcriptome Shotgun Assemblies) in 2020. These are not sequences mined from full genomes. Therefore, orthologs may have different names because they are not identical in sequence and their orthology cannot be determined. Also, alleles of the same gene may have differe…

phenyldiazene

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-07-25T06:10:54+00:00

Active site topology of a P450 enzyme tested by formation of phenyl-porphyrin adducts. In this example, an adduct with pyrrole ring A is formed. The ratio of the four possible adducts indicates the degree of encumbrance over the heme in the native P450 protein.

phlebotomus

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-07-25T06:10:54+00:00

Phlebotomus papatasi Class : Insecta Infraclass : Neoptera Order : Diptera Suborder : Nematocera Superfamily : Psychodoidea Family : Psychodidae Common name: (sandfly) NCBI:txid29031 Annotation from assembly GCA_024763615.1, project JANPWV01, and TSA .

photinus_pyralis

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2026-08-15T09:40:24+00:00

Photinus pyralis Class : Insecta Infraclass : Neoptera Order : Coleoptera Suborder : Polyphaga Superfamily : Elateroidea Family : Lampyridae Common name: firefly NCBI:txid7054 Annotation from assembly GCA_008802855.1, WGS project VVIM01 and TSA GEZM01 and GEOW01.

photochem

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-07-25T06:10:54+00:00

CO inhibition and photochemical action spectrum Binding of CO to reduced P450 results in a peak at 450 nm in the difference spectrum. Inhibited, CO-bound P450 can be reactivated by light irradiation at 450 nm. Historically, reversal of CO inhibition was taken as definitive evidence of P450 involvement in a reaction (Estabrook et al., 1963, for the steroid C21 hydroxylation, Cooper et al., 1965, for the p-hydroxylation of acetanilide and the demethylations of codeine and methylaminopyrine). See…

pierisr

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-08-16T15:09:47+00:00

Pieris rapae Class : Insecta Infraclass : Neoptera Order : Lepidoptera Clade : Ditrysia Superfamily : Papilionoidea Family : Pieridae Common name : cabbage white NCBI:txid64459 Annotation from assembly GCA_905147795.1, project CAJHWY01 and TSA GFMO01 and GGJY01.

plastics

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2026-08-14T13:48:58+00:00

Metabolism of plastics Several insects are known to metabolize hydrocarbon-derived plastics, such as polyethylene and polystyrene. The role of P450 enzymes has been demonstrated in Galleria mellonella and Zophobas atratus (aka Z. morio) by production of the enzyme in Pichia pastoris

plecoptera_tsa

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-07-25T06:10:54+00:00

Plecoptera Class : Insecta Infraclass : Neoptera Cohort : Polyneoptera Order : Plecoptera common name : stoneflies NCBI:txid50622 Sequences mined and named by David Nelson from TSA (Transcriptome Shotgun Assemblies) in 2020. These are not sequences mined from full genomes. Therefore, orthologs may have different names because they are not identical in sequence and their orthology cannot be determined. Also, alleles of the same gene may have different CYP na…

plutella

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-07-25T06:10:54+00:00

Plutella xylostella Class : Insecta Infraclass : Neoptera Order : Lepidoptera Clade : Ditrysia Superfamily : Yponomeutidea Family : Plutellidae Common name : diamondback moth NCBI:txid51655 Annotation from assembly GCA_905116875.3, project CAJHNJ03

popillia

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-11-22T16:55:52+00:00

Popillia japonica Class : Insecta Infraclass : Neoptera Order : Coleoptera Suborder : Polyphaga Superfamily : Scarabaeoidea Family : Scarabaeidae Subfamily : Rutelinae Common name: Japanese beetle

problems_at_ncbi

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-07-25T06:10:54+00:00

P450 genes /sequences at NCBI These are of two kinds: * User submitted sequences that may or may not be correct. * Gene models predicted by automatic computational analysis. These RefSeq models (XP_nnnn) are extremely useful as a starting point, but they can be incorrect (sequence), and their CYP name, especially for lesser-known, non-model species, is usually wrong.

pvannamei

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-07-25T06:10:54+00:00

Penaeus vannamei Superclass : Multicrustacea Class : Malacostraca Superorder : Eucarida Order : Decapoda Family : Penaeidae Taxonomy ID 6689 (aka Litopenaeus vannamei) 67 sequences from Dermauw et al., 2020 A FASTA format file of the CYPome can be downloaded

pycnogonum

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2026-08-14T14:43:37+00:00

Pycnogonum litorale Subphylum : Chelicerata Class : Pycnogonida Order : Pantopoda Family : Pycnogonidae Common name : sea spider NCBI:txid261975 Annotation from assembly GCA_964442445.1, WGS project CAYUDV01 and associated TSA.

raphidioptera_tsa

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-07-25T06:10:54+00:00

Raphidioptera Class : Insecta Infraclass : Neoptera Superorder : Neuropterida Order : Raphidioptera Common name: snakeflies NCBI:txid50482 165 sequences mined and named by David Nelson from TSA (Transcriptome Shotgun Assemblies) in November 2020. These are not sequences mined from full genomes, so orthologs can have different names because they are not identical in sequence and their orthology cannot be determined. Also, alleles of the same gene can have different CYP n…

redox_partners

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-07-25T08:02:03+00:00

P450 redox partners The reducing equivalents from NADPH are transferred to P450 enzymes from two types of redox partners: (a) for microsomal P450s, from NADPH cytochrome P450 reductase , with in some cases a contribution from cytochrome b5 and (b) for mitochondrial P450s, from insect orthologs of

reductase

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2026-05-27T11:24:53+00:00

NADPH cytochrome P450 reductase (aka P450 reductase, CPR, POR) (there is also a wikipedia page Cytochrome_P450_reductase) P450 reductase (EC 1.6.2.4) belongs to a family of flavoproteins utilizing both FAD and FMN as cofactors. These diflavin reductases emerged from the ancestral fusion of a gene coding for a ferredoxin reductase with its NADP(H) and FAD binding domains with a gene coding for a flavodoxin with its FMN domain. This origin of the enzyme was first proposed by Porter and Kasper (…

reductase_papers

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2026-02-16T09:27:45+00:00

NADPH cytochrome P450 reductase Further references on arthropod CPR Cloning and characterization of CPR * House fly, Musca domestica: cloning and expression levels: Koener et al., 1993 functional expression: Andersen et al., 1994 purification and full characterization: Murataliev et al.,1999; 2008; Murataliev & Feyereisen, 1999; 2000

reductionkinetics

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-07-25T06:10:54+00:00

First steps of the P450 catalytic cycle Guengerich and Johnson, 1979 challenged the common dogma that substrate binding is the first step, followed by reduction. They showed that in many cases reduction can occur before substrate binding, leading to an alternative view of the sequence of events:

references

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2026-09-08T09:10:59+00:00

Selected bibliography Adesanya, A.W., Cardenas, A., Lavine, M.D., Walsh, D.B., Lavine, L.C., Zhu, F., 2020. RNA interference of NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductase increases susceptibilities to multiple acaricides in Tetranychus urticae. Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology 165, 104550.

rhodnius_prolixus

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2026-04-15T13:17:29+00:00

Rhodnius prolixus Class : Insecta Infraclass : Neoptera Order : Hemiptera Suborder : Heteroptera Infraorder : Cimicomorpha Family : Rediviidae Common name: (kissing bug) NCBI:txid13249 Rhodnius is an emblematic species. This vector of Chagas disease was the experimental model that Sir V.B. Wigglesworth used to establish some of the basic principles of insect endocrinology in the 1930s (review in

rong

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-07-25T06:10:54+00:00

Lepidopteran alkenyl sex pheromones In Lepidoptera, the CYP4 clan CYP341B14 and CYP340BD2 are epoxidases in alkenyl sex pheromone biosynthesis (Rong et al., 2014, 2019a, b). These P450s are found in large P450 blooms that include P450s from species which do not make epoxidized pheromones. Similarly, in the tea black tussock moth (

sacculina

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-09-26T14:35:21+00:00

Sacculina carcini Class : Thecostraca Subclass : Cirripedia Infraclass : Rhizocephala Family : Sacculinidae Taxonomy ID 51650. The figure shows Sacculina carcini externa under the pleon of a Carcinus maenas crab. Annotation from DTOL's assembly GCA_916048095.2, WGS project CAJZIA02. Two genes not found in that assembly are from the GCA_023634385.1 assembly, WGS project JALBCS01.

salmonis

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-07-25T06:10:54+00:00

Lepeophtheirus salmonis Superclass : Multicrustacea Class : Hexanauplia Subclass : Copepoda Order : Sophinostomatoida Family : Caligidae aka Lepeophtheirus salmonis salmonis. Common name: salmon louse Taxonomy ID 720361504303 Annotation from assembly GCA_016086655.3, WGS project JADKYV01. CYP3027H3 has a frameshift in the genome assembly, but was corrected based on EST MN551214.

sarcoptes

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-07-25T06:10:54+00:00

Sarcoptes scabiei Class : Arachnida Subclass : Acari Superorder : Acariformes Order : Sarcoptiformes Suborder : Astigmata Family : Sarcoptidae Common name : scabies mite NCBI:txid52283 Annotation from assembly GCA_020844145.1 and TSA.

sechellia

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-07-25T06:10:54+00:00

Drosophila sechellia Class : Insecta Order : Diptera Suborder : Brachycera Clade : Cyclorrhapha Superfamily : Ephydroidea Family : Drosophilidae NCBI:txid7238 Annotation from assembly GCA_004382195.2, WGS project NIFZ01.1

sequenceaccess

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2026-09-03T14:37:22+00:00

Access to arthropod P450 sequences There are three ways to access arthropod P450 sequences on this website: BLAST your sequence against the arthropod P450 database using SequenceServer. Search options/parameters can be set. p450_classification Search a P450 in the database, by CYP name, clan, species, taxonomic rank or sequence.

sequences-alpha

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2026-09-03T14:36:17+00:00

Arthropod CYPomes by species, listed alphabetically * Acerentomon sp. (partial) -Hexapoda-Protura * Aculops lycopersici -Chelicerata - Arachnida * Acyrthosiphon pisum -Insecta-Hemiptera * Adoxophyes honmai -Insecta-Lepidoptera * Aedes aegypti - Insecta-Diptera * Amblyseius andersoni - Chelicerata -Arachnida * Anopheles gambiae -Insecta-Diptera * Aphis gossypii -Insecta-Hemiptera

sexigua

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-08-12T09:54:16+00:00

Spodoptera exigua Class : Insecta Infraclass : Neoptera Order : Lepidoptera Clade : Ditrysia Superfamily : Noctuoidea Family : Noctuidae Common name : beet armyworm NCBI:txid7107 Annotation from assembly GCA_022117675.1, project JACEFF01 and TSA.

sfrugiperda

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-08-11T12:28:28+00:00

Spodoptera frugiperda Class : Insecta Infraclass : Neoptera Order : Lepidoptera Clade : Ditrysia Superfamily : Noctuoidea Family : Noctuidae Common name : fall armyworm) There are several genome assemblies for the fall armyworm. This CYPome is from the Zhejiang Province strain (ZJU_Sfru_1.0), assembly GCA_011064685.1, project WMCG01.

sidebar

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-09-11T15:23:02+00:00

* CYP genes, P450 enzymes * CYP clans * P450 sequences * Blast your sequence(s) in the arthropod P450 database! * P450 structure * P450 catalysis * Redox partners * P450 functions * P450 and resistance * Bibliography * Chemical structures * External links * back to start page * contact

sinella

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-07-25T06:10:54+00:00

Sinella curviseta Subphylum : Hexapoda Class : Collembola Order : Entomobryomorpha Superfamily : Entomobryoidea Family : Entomobryidae Taxonomy ID 187695 262 sequences from Dermauw et al., 2020 A FASTA format file of the CYPome can be downloaded

siphonaptera_tsa

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-07-25T06:10:54+00:00

Siphonaptera Class : Insecta Infraclass : Neoptera Order : Siphonaptera Common name: fleas NCBI:txid7509 Sequences mined and named by David Nelson from TSA (Transcriptome Shotgun Assemblies) in 2020. These are not sequences mined from full genomes. Therefore, orthologs may have different names because they are not identical in sequence and their orthology cannot be determined. Also, alleles of the same gene may have different CYP names simply because they differ s…

slittoralis

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-08-11T12:35:34+00:00

Spodoptera littoralis Class : Insecta Infraclass : Neoptera Order : Lepidoptera Clade : Ditrysia Superfamily : Noctuoidea Family : Noctuidae Common name : African cotton leafworm NCBI:txid7109 Annotation from assembly GCA_902850265.1, project CADHRV01

solenopsis

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-09-27T14:05:14+00:00

Solenopsis invicta Class : Insecta Infraclass : Neoptera Order : Hymenoptera Suborder : Apocrita Infraorder : Aculeata Superfamily : Formicoidea Family : Formicidae Subfamily : Myrmicinae Common name: red (imported) fire ant

spodoptera_litura

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-08-11T06:37:05+00:00

Spodoptera litura Class : Insecta Infraclass : Neoptera Order : Lepidoptera Clade : Ditrysia Superfamily : Noctuoidea Family : Noctuidae Common name : cotton leafworm or tobacco cutworm NCBI:txid69820 Annotation from strain Ishihara, assembly GCA_002706865.2, WGS project MTZO01

start

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2026-04-23T09:46:06+00:00

Arthropod Cytochrome P450 Εγχειρίδιον * The cytochrome P450 gene family (CYP genes) of arthropods encodes diverse enzymes involved in the metabolism of foreign compounds (xenobiotics) and in essential endocrine or ecophysiological functions.

stinkbugs

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-07-25T06:10:54+00:00

Stink bug aggregation / sex pheromones The P450s presumably involved in epoxidations have not yet been identified.

strangeseqs

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2026-03-22T13:56:03+00:00

Unusual P450 sequences Insect P450 sequences lacking the conserved Cys Some P450 sequences lack the invariant residues that are the signature of this gene family. P450 sequences lacking the conserved Cys codon providing the thiolate ligand to the heme have evolved at least seven independent times in arthropods. A file of all seven types of sequences (Cys-less type or CLT1-7) is available.

stratiolaelaps

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-07-25T06:10:54+00:00

Stratiolaelaps scimitus Class : Arachnida Subclass : Acari Superorder : Parasitiformes Order : Mesostigmata Suborder : Monogynaspida Family : Laelapidae NCBI:txid224787 (aka Hypoaspis miles) Annotation from assembly GCA_019614645.1, project JABWDB01

strepsiptera_tsa

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-07-25T06:10:54+00:00

Strepsiptera Class : Insecta Infraclass : Neoptera Order : Strepsiptera Common name: twisted-wing parasites NCBI:txid30261 Sequences mined and named by David Nelson from TSA (Transcriptome Shotgun Assemblies) in 2020. These are not sequences mined from full genomes. Therefore, orthologs may have different names because they are not identical in sequence and their orthology cannot be determined. Also, alleles of the same gene may have different CYP names simply bec…

strigamia

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-12-30T10:50:03+00:00

Strigamia maritima Class : Chilopoda Subclass : Pleurostigmophora Order : Geophilomorpha Family : Linotaeniidae NCBI:txid126957 Annotation from assembly GCA_000239455.1, WGS project AFFK01 63 sequences from Dermauw et al., 2020. Note the absence of CYP302A1 ortholog, also missing from the

structure

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2026-09-08T09:36:31+00:00

P450 structure There is currently no crystal structure of an arthropod P450, but the overall structure of P450s is quite conserved, so this page provides a general background. Overview The overall P450 fold as described by Munro et al.(2013) is shown here: A clear illustration of P450 structure as it is related to the protein sequence was provided by

suzukii

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2026-09-03T14:33:43+00:00

Drosophila suzukii Class : Insecta Order : Diptera Suborder : Brachycera Clade : Cyclorrhapha Superfamily : Ephydroidea Family : Drosophilidae (subgenus Sophophora) Common name: spotted wing Drosophila NCBI:txid

s_rueppellii

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-07-25T06:10:54+00:00

Sphaerophoria rueppellii Class : Insecta Infraclass : Neoptera Order : Diptera Suborder : Brachycera Clade : Cyclorrhapha Superfamily : Syrphoidea Family : Syrphidae (European hoverfly) NCBI:txid414861 The sequences are from Bailey et al. (2022) manually curated and corrected, with some pseudogenes removed, and some new sequences.

tevansi

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2026-05-25T14:10:47+00:00

Tetranychus evansi Class : Arachnida Subclass : Acari Superorder : Acariformes Order : Trombidiformes Suborder : Prostigmata Family : Tetranychidae Common name : (tomato) red spidermite NCBI:txid178897 58 sequences, including 28 1:1 orthologs with

thermobia

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-07-25T06:10:54+00:00

Thermobia domestica Subphylum : Hexapoda Class : Insecta Order : Zygentoma Family : Lepismatidae Common name : firebrat (“Thysanura”) Taxonomy ID 89055 Data from transcriptome shotgun assembly. 73 sequences including partial / unnamed sequences from

tigriopus

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-07-25T06:10:54+00:00

Tigriopus japonicus Superclass : Multicrustacea Class : Hexanauplia Subclass : Copepoda Order : Harpacticoida Family : Harpacticidae Taxonomy ID 158387 Annotation from assembly GCA_010645155.1, WGS project JAAGOF01 53 sequences from

tni

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-07-25T06:10:54+00:00

Trichoplusia ni Class : Insecta Infraclass : Neoptera Order : Lepidoptera Clade : Ditrysia Superfamily : Noctuoidea Family : Noctuidae Common name : cabbage looper NCBI:txid7111 Annotation from assembly GCA_003604225.1, project PPHH01, and TSA.

transgenic_expression

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2026-09-08T08:44:24+00:00

Transgenic expression in Drosophila unless indicated otherwise O: (other). Transgenic overexpression in the same organism is indicated as (OE). Result is lower toxicity or metabolism of the listed chemical(s) unless indicated otherwise (i.e. bioactivation leading to higher toxicity).

tribolium

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-07-25T06:10:54+00:00

Tribolium castaneum Class : Insecta Order : Coleoptera Suborder : Polyphaga Infraorder : Cucujiformia Superfamily : Tenebrionoidea Family : Tenebrionidae Common name : red flour beetle Taxonomy ID 7070 Annotation from assembly GCA_000002335.3, WGS project AAJJ02

trichoptera_tsa

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-07-25T06:10:54+00:00

Trichoptera TSA Class : Insecta Infraclass : Neoptera Order : Trichoptera Common name: caddisflies NCBI:txid30263 Sequences mined and named by David Nelson from TSA (Transcriptome Shotgun Assemblies) in 2020. These are not sequences mined from full genomes. Therefore, orthologs may have different names because they are not identical in sequence and their orthology cannot be determined. Also, alleles of the same gene may have different CYP names simply because they…

tsa_from_other_coleoptera

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-07-25T06:10:54+00:00

TSA sequences from other Coleoptera NCBI:txid7041 483 Sequences mined and named by David Nelson from TSA (Transcriptome Shotgun Assemblies) in 2020. These are not sequences mined from full genomes. Therefore, orthologs may have different names because they are not identical in sequence and their orthology cannot be determined. Also, alleles of the same gene may have different CYP names simply because they differ slightly in sequence. Note that while full-length or near full-length TSA sequence…

tsa_from_other_hemiptera

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-07-25T06:10:54+00:00

TSA sequences from other Hemiptera NCBI:txid7524 666 Sequences mined and named by David Nelson from TSA (Transcriptome Shotgun Assemblies) in 2020. These are not sequences mined from full genomes. Therefore, orthologs may have different names because they are not identical in sequence and their orthology cannot be determined. Also, alleles of the same gene may have different CYP names simply because they differ slightly in sequence. Note that while full-length or near full-length TSA sequences…

tsa_sequences_from_other_coleoptera

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-07-25T06:10:54+00:00

tsa_sequences_from_other_hemiptera

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-07-25T06:10:54+00:00

TSA sequences from other Hemiptera NCBI:txid7524 658 Sequences mined and named by David Nelson from TSA (Transcriptome Shotgun Assemblies) in 2020. These are not sequences mined from full genomes. Therefore, orthologs may have different names because they are not identical in sequence and their orthology cannot be determined. Also, alleles of the same gene may have different CYP names simply because they differ slightly in sequence. Note that while full-length or near full-length TSA sequences…

turticae

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-07-25T06:10:54+00:00

Tetranychus urticae Class : Arachnida Subclass : Acari Superorder : Acariformes Order : Trombidiformes Suborder : Prostigmata Family : Tetranychidae Common name : two-spotted spidermite NCBI:txid32264 Note: The CYPome represents a

typeispectrum

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-07-25T06:10:54+00:00

Type I spectrum (from Andersen et al., 1994). The spectral dissociation constant (Ks) was estimated at 13.5 micromolar.

varroa

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-07-25T06:10:54+00:00

Varroa destructor Class : Arachnida Subclass : Acari Superorder : Parasitiformes Order : Mesostigmata Suborder : Monogynaspida Family : Varroidae Common name : honeybee mite, varroa mite NCBI:txid109461 Annotation from assembly GCF_002443255.1, project BEIS01

wiegmann2011

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-07-25T06:10:54+00:00

Figure 1 from Wiegmann et al., 2011

zophobas

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2026-08-14T14:48:27+00:00

Zophobas morio (atratus) Class : Insecta Order : Coleoptera Suborder : Polyphaga Infraorder : Cucujiformia Superfamily : Tenebrionoidea Family : Tenebrionidae Zophobas morio is also known as Zophobas atratus Common name

zoraptera_tsa

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-07-25T06:10:54+00:00

Zoraptera Class : Insecta Infraclass : Neoptera Cohort : Polyneoptera Order : Zoraptera NCBI:txid30265 Sequences mined and named by David Nelson from TSA (Transcriptome Shotgun Assemblies) in 2020. These are not sequences mined from full genomes. Therefore, orthologs may have different names because they are not identical in sequence and their orthology cannot be determined. Also, alleles of the same gene may have different CYP names simply because they dif…

zygaena

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2025-07-25T06:10:54+00:00

Zygaena filipendulae Class : Insecta Infraclass : Neoptera Order : Lepidoptera Clade : Ditrysia Superfamily : Zygaenoidea Family : Zygaenidae Common name : six-spot burnet NCBI:txid287375 Annotation from assembly GCA_907165265.2, project CAJRBE02