In the honeybee, caste-specific ω and ω-1 hydroxylations of fatty acids to mandibular gland pheromones are chemically typical of P450 reactions (Plettner et al., 1998). The enzymes involved in pheromone biosynthesis are probably exquisitely specific, but they have not been identified yet. CYP6AS8 and CYPAS11 are highly expressed in mandibular glands and are candidate genes for the synthesis of these fatty acid-derived caste-specific signals (Wu et al., 2017).